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A translation-independent role of oskar RNA in early Drosophila oogenesis

Andreas Jenny, Olivier Hachet, Péter Závorszky, Anna Cyrklaff, Matthew D. J. Weston,
Daniel St Johnston, Miklós Erdélyi, and Anne Ephrussi

The Drosophila maternal effect gene oskar encodes the posterior determinant responsible for the formation of the posterior pole plasm in the egg, and thus of the abdomen and germline of the future fly. Previously identified oskar mutants give rise to offspring that lack both abdominal segments and a germline, thus defining the ‘posterior group phenotype’. Common to these classical oskar alleles is that they all produce significant amounts of oskar mRNA. By contrast, two new oskar mutants in which oskar RNA levels are strongly reduced or undetectable are sterile, because of an early arrest of oogenesis. This egg-less phenotype is complemented by oskar nonsense mutant alleles, as well as by oskar transgenes, the protein-coding capacities of which have been annulled. Moreover, we show that expression of the oskar 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) is sufficient to rescue the egg-less defect of the RNA null mutant. Our analysis thus reveals an unexpected role for oskar RNA during early oogenesis, independent of Oskar protein. These findings indicate that oskar RNA acts as a scaffold or regulatory RNA essential for development of the oocyte.

Development 133, 2827-2833, 2006

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Histone methylation is required for oogenesis in Drosophila

Emily Clough, Woongjoon Moon, Shengxian Wang, Kathleen Smith and Tulle Hazelrigg

SET domain proteins are histone lysine methyltransferases (HMTs) that play essential roles in development. Here we show for the first time that histone methylation occurs in both the germ cells and somatic cells of the Drosophila ovary, and demonstrate in vivo that an HMT, the product of the eggless (egg) gene, is required for oogenesis. Egg is a SET domain protein that is similar to the human protein SETDB1 and its mouse ortholog ESET. These proteins are members of a small family of HMTs that contain bifurcated SET domains. Because depletion of SETDB1 in tissue culture cells is cell-lethal, and an ESET mutation causes very early periimplantation embryonic arrest, the role of SETDB1/ESET in development has proven difficult to address. We show that egg is required in the Drosophila ovary for trimethylation of histone H3 at its K9 residue. In females bearing an egg allele that deletes the SET domain, oogenesis arrests at early stages. This arrest is accompanied by reduced proliferation of somatic cells required for egg chamber formation, and by apoptosis in both germ and somatic cell populations. We propose that other closely related SET domain proteins may function similarly in gametogenesis in other species.

Development 134, 157-165, 2007

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The role of ion channels in light-dependent stomatal opening

Petra Dietrich, Dale Sanders and Rainer Hedrich

"This review analyses recent progress in molecular aspects of ion channel regulation and suggests how these developments impact on our understanding of light- and auxin-dependent stomatal action."

Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 52, no. 363, 1959-1967, 2001

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Relation between leaf senescence and stomatal closure: Senescence in light

Kenneth V. Thimann and Sergio O. Satler

ABSTRACT
Senescence of isolated oat seedling leaves, floating on water or solutions in white light, has been followed by the disappearance of chlorophyll and the liberation of free amino nitrogen. In parallel, measurements of stomatal aperture were made with a diffusion resistance porometer, and borne out also by changes in fresh weight. The stomata open as expected in the light but slowly begin to close after the first day; correspondingly, in the dark they close at once but gradually begin to open on successive days. Abscisic acid causes closure and this is accompanied by senescence. Phenylmercuric nitrate also causes closure and again the reaction is closely paralleled by senescence. Kinetin maintains stomatal opening even more than does light alone, and this is accompanied by complete prevention of chlorophyll loss for at least 5 days. Covering the leaf surface with a film of Vaseline, especially when detergents are added, accelerates senescence. Merely floating the leaf segments on hypertonic solutions of sucrose or mannitol suffices to bring the rate of senescence in light up to the rate in darkness. It is concluded that the effect of light in delaying senescence is primarily due to its effect on the stomatal aperture, and, more generally, that stomatal aperture is the principal controlling agent in leaf senescence.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 76, No. 5, 2295-2298, 1979

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The direction of gut looping is established by changes in the extracellular matrix and in cell:cell adhesion

by Natasza A. Kurpios, Marta Ibanes, Nicole M. Davis, Wei Lui, Tamar Katz, James F. Martin, Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte, and Clifford J. Tabin

Abstract:
The counterclockwise coiling of the intestines is initiated by a leftward tilt of the primitive gut tube, imparted by left–right asymmetries in the architecture of the dorsal mesentery. In silico analysis suggests that this is achieved by synergistic changes in its epithelium and mesenchyme. Within the mesenchymal compartment, cells are more densely packed on the left than on the right. In silico results indicate that this...

Proceeedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 105 no. 25 8499–8506, 2008

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Inhibition of Angiogenesis and Tumor Metastasis by Targeting a Matrix Immobilized Cryptic Extracellular Matrix Epitope in Laminin

by Abebe Akalu, Jennifer M. Roth, Maresa Caunt, Desiree Policarpio, Leonard Liebes,

and Peter C. Brooks

“The existence of functionally relevant cryptic laminin epitopes in vivo and that selective targeting of these laminin epitopes may represent an effective new strategy for the treatment of malignant tumors by affecting both the endothelial and tumor cell compartments.”

Cancer Research 67(9): 4353-4363, 2007

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Endothelial Extracellular Matrix: Biosynthesis, Remodeling, and Functions During Vascular Morphogenesis and Neovessel Stabilization

by George E. Davis, Donald R. Senger

This Review is part of a thematic series on Vascular Cell Diversity.

Circulation Research 97:1093-1107, 2005

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